In the modern age, the world has seen the finalization of terrorist attacks
More specifically, in the past decade, the European Union suffered…
Sentiment of doubt and distrust towards the European Union and its policies
Can be divided into Hard and Soft Euroscepticism:
The first examples of Euroscepticism date back to the process of European integration in the 1950s
Prominent examples:
Before 2008: 52% of European Citizens had a positive attitude towards the EU
In 2014: The percentage dropped to 31%
2008-2012: 6.6 million citizens moved across States
Guaranteed between borders for people, goods, capital, labor, and services
Ensures equal access to labor market and profitable working conditions
Article 45(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union
Every citizen of the Union has the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States
May lead to illegal immigration
Decrease of working Standards
What if a foreign citizen becomes a threat to the nation or a concern for social assistance services?
Established in 1985
Abolishes border controls on goods and on people
States can temporarily re-establish controls, as asked by many States in 2015-2016
Main French Right-wing Party
Gained importance in the 2010s under the guidance of Marine Le Pen (34% of consensus)
EU seen as a threat for domestic jurisdiction and democracy
France should have its legislative economic, territorial, and monetary sovereignty restored
Calls for the abolition of the Schengen Agreement
Terrorist attacks carried out in the EU had an extensive impact on political discourses of Eurosceptic Right-wing parties, especially of Rassemblement National
Collection of relevant articles and speeches
Analysis of a dataframe for Rassemblement National
Performing LDAs and creation of graphs to display the most used terminology for both parties
Alonso-Muñoz, Laura, et. al., “Populism Against Europe in Social Media: the Eurosceptic Discourse on Twitter in Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom during the Campaign of the 2019 European Parliament Election”, Frontiers in Communication, Volume 5, 07 August 2020, Populism Against Europe in Social Media: The Eurosceptic Discourse on Twitter in Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom During the Campaign of the 2019 European Parliament Election
Beenhakker, Sanna, “Loving Europe, Hating the EU. Between EU-Skepticism and Europe-philia: the RN and AfD as a Case Study for the Eurosceptic Discourse of National-Populist Parties in Europe”, Utrecht University, 2023 Love Europe, hate the EU? Between EU-scepticism and Europe-philia: The RN and AfD as a case-study for the Eurosceptic discourse of national-populist parties in Europe (uu.nl)
European Council, “Terrorism in the EU: Facts and Figures”, Terrorism in the EU: facts and figures - Consilium (europa.eu)
Frey, Arun, “Getting Under the Skin: the Impact of Terrorist Attacks on Native and Immigrant Sentiment”, Social Forces, Vol. 101, Issue 2, pp. 943-973, December 2021, Getting under the Skin: The Impact of Terrorist Attacks on Native and Immigrant Sentiment | Social Forces | Oxford Academic
Froio, Caterina, “The Rassemblement National and Covid-19: How Nativism, Authoritarianism and Expert Populism did not Pay Off during the Pandemic”, Government and Opposition (2022), 1-21, The Rassemblement National and COVID-19: How Nativism, Authoritarianism and Expert Populism Did Not Pay Off during the Pandemic | Government and Opposition | Cambridge Core
Guild, Elspeth, “Schengen Borders and multiple National States of Emergency: from Refugees to Terrorism to COVID-19”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 23, pp. 385-404, 2021, Schengen Borders and Multiple National States of Emergency
Kouri, Georgia D., “Case Study: Paris Terrorist Attack November 2015, Crisis Management and the Role of the Media”, International Journal of Occupational Health and Public Nursing, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2016, pp. 31-43, Case study: Paris Terrorist attack November 2015, crisis management and the role of media
Maciejewski, Mariusz, “The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties”, European Parliament, October 2023, The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties | Fact Sheets on the European Union.
Mardal, Sander, “Extremist Parties and Their Euroscepticism: a Comparison of the Differences in the Euroscepticism of the Radical Right-Wing Parties UKIP and Vox España”, NTNU, May 2020, NTNU Open: Extremist Parties and Their Euroscepticism: A comparison of the Differences in the Euroscepticism of the Radical Right-Wing Parties UKIP and Vox España
Peace, Timothy, “Populist Pragmatism: the Nationalization of Local Government Strategies by the Rassemblement National”, Acta Politica (2024), Vol. 59, pp. 264-288, Populist pragmatism: the nationalisation of local government strategies by the Rassemblement National
Roos, Christof, “The Conditionality of EU Freedom of Movement: Normative Change in the Discourse of EU Institutions”, Journal of European Social Policy, 2020, Vol. 30(1), pp. 63-78, The conditionality of EU freedom of movement: Normative change in the discourse of EU institutions - Christof Roos, Laura Westerveen, 2020
Talving, Lisa, “Opportunity or Threat? Public Attitudes Towards EU Freedom of Movement”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 26, No. 805-823, 2019, Full article: Opportunity or threat? Public attitudes towards EU freedom of movement Treaty on the European Union, CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THE TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION
Ultan, Mehlika Ozlem, “Euroscepticism in the European Union”, International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. IV, No. 2/2015, (PDF) EUROSCEPTICISM IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (researchgate.net)
Vasilopoulou, Sophia, “Varieties of Euroscepticism: the Case of the European Extreme Right”, JCER; Volume 5, Issue 1, 2009, Varieties of Euroscepticism: The Case of the European Extreme Right | Journal of Contemporary European Research (jcer.net)
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